Hygiena 2022, 67(3):92-100 | DOI: 10.21101/hygiena.a1818

Health risks from non-potable use of recycled water in buildings. Part 1 – Rainwater

František Kožíšek1, Sylva Rödlová2, Jaroslav Šašek1, Šárka Bobková1, Dana Baudišová1, Hana Jeligová1
1 Státní zdravotní ústav, Centrum zdraví a životního prostředí, Praha, Česká republika
2 Univerzita Karlova, 3. lékařská fakulta, Ústav hygieny, Praha, Česká republika

This paper responds to a quickly growing trend of rainwater use in buildings and draws attention to related health risks and legislative gaps in its regulation. The key pathogens that may occur in rainwater in the Czech Republic are described, as well as, chemical contaminants from roofs and collection surfaces. The main ways of non-potable use of rainwater in buildings are also listed including the related exposure pathways of infections and technical measures available for reduction of the health risks.

Keywords: rainwater, non-potable water, exposure to pathogens, health risks

Received: July 2022; Accepted: August 25, 2022; Published: September 15, 2022  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Kožíšek F, Rödlová S, Šašek J, Bobková Š, Baudišová D, Jeligová H. Health risks from non-potable use of recycled water in buildings. Part 1 – Rainwater. Hygiena. 2022;67(3):92-100. doi: 10.21101/hygiena.a1818.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Bobková Š, Hrbek J, Pumann P, Kožíšek F. Dotazníkové šetření mezi úspěšnými žadateli o podporu z programu Dešťovka. Část 1: využití srážkových vod. Vodní hospodářství. 2022. v tisku.
    2. Kožíšek F, Jeligová H, Bobková Š, Myšáková M, Pumann P, Baudišová, D. Zkušenosti s recyklací vody v budovách v ČR. In: Kabelková I, Benáková A, Bareš V. editoři. Sborník příspěvků 14. bienální konference CzWA VODA 2021: 22.-24.9.2021; Litomyšl. Brno: Asociace pro vodu ČR; 2021. s. 347-55.
    3. Lee JY, Bak G, Han M. Quality of roof-harvested rainwater - comparison of different roofing materials. Environ Pollut. 2012 Mar;162:422-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    4. Mao J, Xia B, Zhou Y, Bi F, Zhang X, Zhang W, et al. Effect of roof materials and weather patterns on the quality of harvested rainwater in Shanghai, China. J Clean Prod. 2021 Jan;279:123419. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123419. Go to original source...
    5. Mendez CB, Klenzendorf JB, Afshar BR, Simmons MT, Barrett ME, Kinney KA, et al. The effect of roofing material on the quality of harvested rainwater. Water Res. 2011 Feb;45(5):2049-59. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    6. Sanjeeva A, Puttaswamaiah SG. Influence of atmospheric deposition and roof materials on harvested rainwater quality. J Environ Eng. 2018 Dec;144(12):04018121. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001460. Go to original source...
    7. DIN 1989-1:2002-04 Rainwater harvesting systems - Part 1: Planning, installation, operation and maintenance. Berlin: German Institute for Standardisation; 2002.
    8. Australian guidelines for water recycling: stormwater harvesting and reuse. Canberra: Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council; 2009.
    9. Hügler M, Petzoldt H, Nitsche R, Hambsch B, Korth A. Mosquitoes as source for enterococci in drinking water samples. In: IWA World Water Congress & Exhibition; 2014 Sep 21-26; Lisbon, Portugal.
    10. Benskin CM, Wilson K, Jones K, Hartley IR. Bacterial pathogens in wild birds: a review of the frequency and effects of infection. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2009 Aug;84(3):349-73. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    11. Hubálek Z. An annotated checklist of pathogenic microorganisms associated with migratory birds. J Wildl Dis. 2004 Oct;40(4):639-59. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    12. Vrbovská V, Chalupa P, Straková P, Hubálek Z, Rudolf I. Onemocnění člověka způsobená hantaviry - stále opomíjené zoonózy? Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol. 2015;64(4):188-96.
    13. Zelená H, Rumlerová M, Kodras K, Beroušková P, Mrázek J, Smetana J. Hantavirus jako původce smrtelné hemoragické horečky v České republice. Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol. 2017;66(3):149-52.
    14. Shi R, Yang X, Chen L, Chang HT, Liu HY, Zhao J, et al. Pathogenicity of Shigella in chickens. PLoS One. 2014 Jun 20;9(6):e100264. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100264. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    15. Žákovská A, Janeček J, Cvrček A, Kučerová HL, Urbánek F, Švejdová B a kol. Prevalence patogenů Coxiella burnetii francisella tularensis a Hantaan virus (Dobrava), způsobujících zoonotická onemocnění, se zaměřením na volně žijící hlodavce ve vybraných lokalitách ČR (Poodří, Moravský kras) v roce 2014. Blansko: Dům přírody Moravského krasu; 2015.
    16. Hubálek Z. Pathogenic microorganisms associated with free-living birds. Brno: Ústav ekologie krajiny AV ČR; 1994.
    17. Bednář M, Fraňková V, Schinder J, Souček A, Vávra J. Lékařská mikrobiologie: bakteriologie, virologie, parazitologie. Praha: Marvil; 1996.
    18. Ahmed W, Vieritz A, Goonetilleke A, Gardner T. Health risk from the use of roof-harvested rainwater in Southeast Queensland, Australia, as potable or nonpotable water, determined using quantitative microbial risk assessment. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010 Nov;76(22):7382-91. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    19. Albrechtsen HJ. Microbiological investigations of rainwater and graywater collected for toilet flushing. Water Sci Technol. 2002;46(6-7):311-6. Go to original source...
    20. Simmons G, Hope V, Lewis G, Whitmore J, Gao W. Contamination of potable roof-collected rainwater in Auckland, New Zealand. Water Res. 2001 Apr;35(6):1518-24. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    21. Ahmed W, Gardner T, Toze S. Microbiological quality of roof-harvested rainwater and health risks: a review. J Environ Qual. 2011 Jan-Feb;40(1):13-21. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    22. Dobrowsky PH, Khan S, Cloete TE, Khan W. Molecular detection of Acanthamoeba spp., Naegleria fowleri and Vermamoeba (Hartmannella) vermiformis as vectors for Legionella spp. in untreated and solar pasteurized harvested rainwater. Parasit Vectors. 2016 Oct 10;9(1):539. doi: 10.1186/s13071-016-1829-2. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    23. ČSN EN 16941-1: Zařízení pro využití nepitné vody na místě - Část 1: Zařízení pro využití srážkových vod. Praha: Úřad pro technickou normalizaci, metrologii a státní zkušebnictví; 2018.
    24. Hamilton K, Reyneke B, Waso M, Clements T, Ndlovu T, Khan W, et al. A global review of the microbiological quality and potential health risks associated with roof-harvested rainwater tanks. npj Clean Water. 2019;2(1):7. doi: 10.1038/s41545-019-0030-5. Go to original source...
    25. Gikas GD, Tsihrintzis VA. Assessment of water quality of first-flush roof runoff and harvested rainwater. J Hydrol. 2012;466-467:115-26. Go to original source...
    26. BS 8515:2009 Rainwater harvesting systems - code of practice (+A1:2013). London: British Standards Institution; 2019.
    27. Canadian guidelines for domestic reclaimed water for use in toilet and urinal flushing. Ottawa: Health Canada; 2010.
    28. Kožíšek F, Pumann P, Jeligová H, Bobková Š, Baudišová D, Paul J. Recyklace vody v budovách - přínos nebo problém pro provozovatele vodovodů a kanalizací? Sovak. 2021;30(9):21-5.
    29. Lim KY, Hamilton AJ, Jiang SC. Assessment of public health risk associated with viral contamination in harvested urban stormwater for domestic applications. Sci Total Environ. 2015 Aug 1;523:95-108. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    30. Asay SF. Backflow prevention and cross-connection control: recommended practices. M 14. 4th ed. Denver (CO): American Water Works Association; 2015. Go to original source...
    31. Hrudey SE. Ensuring safe drinking water: learning from frontline experience with contamination. Denver (CO): American Water Works Association; 2014.
    32. Kožíšek F. Proč nemá být pitná voda ani moc měkká, ani moc tvrdá? In: Dolejš P, editor. In: Pitná voda 2022: pitná voda z údolních nádrží - sborník přednášek: 23.-26.5.2022; Tábor. Praha: ENVI-PUR; 2022. 163-74.

    Return to the content