Hygiena 2017, 62(2):54-61 | DOI: 10.21101/hygiena.a1512
CURRENT TRENDS IN THE PROCESS OF RISK ASSESSMENT OF EXPOSURE TO XENOBIOTICS INCLUDING DIETARY INTAKE
- 1 Úrad verejného zdravotníctva Slovenskej republiky, Bratislava
- 2 Univerzita Karlova, 1. lékařská fakulta, Ústav hygieny a epidemiologie a Všeobecná fakultní nemocnice, Praha
New trends in risk assessment of exposure to xenobiotics (including via food) respond to rapid advances in science, risk assessment methodologies, the generation of and access to a huge volume of data on various factors and parameters and changes in the regulatory environment. On the other hand, as such they constitute additional challenges. There is a clear tendency for an integrated approach to risk assessment of exposure to xenobiotics including those in the food chain on several levels. The aim of these approaches is to ensure that the result of the risk assessment process by its qualified estimation as established by law reflects as closely as possible the real situation. In this way a reliable basis for effective management of acceptable levels of the health risk is provided in the interests of minimizing risk and respecting the precautionary principle.
Keywords: health risk assessment (HRA), xenobiotics, heavy metals, dietary exposure, foodstuffs
Published: June 30, 2017 Show citation
References
- Dorne JL, Fink-Gremmels J. Human and animal health risk assessments of chemicals in the food chain: comparative aspects and future perspectives. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2013 Aug 1;270(3):187-95.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Iovdijová A, Bencko V. Potential risk of exposure to selected xenobiotic residues and their fate in the food chain - part I: classification of xenobiotics. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2010;17(2):183-92.
- Nariadenie Rady (EHS) č. 315/93 z 8. februára 1993, ktorým sa stanovujú postupy spoločenstva u kontaminujúcich látok v potravinách v platnom znení. Úradný vestník EU. 1993 Feb 13;36(L37):204-6.
- Zhao S, Price O, Liu Z, Jones KC, Sweetman AJ. Applicability of western chemical dietary exposure models to the Chinese population. Environ Res. 2015 Jul;140:165-76.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Nie J, Kuang, L, Li Z, Xu W, Wang C, Chen Q, et al. Assessing the concentration and potential health risk of heavy metals in China's main deciduous fruits. J Integr Agric. 2016 Jul;15(7):1645-55.
Go to original source...
- Blaauboer BJ, Boobis AR, Bradford B, Cockburn A, Constable A, Daneshian M, et al. Considering new methodologies in strategies for safety assessment of foods and food ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol. 2016 May;91:19-35.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Dreisig K, Taxvig C, Birkhøj Kjærstad M, Nellemann C, Hass U, et al. Predictive value of cell assays for developmental toxicity and embryotoxicity of conazole fungicides. ALTEX. 2013;30(3):319-30.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Dong Y, Liu J, Wang S, Chen Q, Guo T, Zhang L, et al. Emerging frontier technologies for food safety analysis and risk assessment. J Integr Agric. 2015 Nov;14(11):2231-42.
Go to original source...
- Bencko V. Etická úskalí a šance hygieny a epidemiologie v kontextu současného zdravotnictví. Hygiena. 2015;60(4):143-8.
Go to original source...
- IPCS risk assessment terminology. Harmonization project document no. 1. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004.
- Codex Alimentarius Commission: procedural manual. 22nd ed. Rome: FAO/WHO; 2014.
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Safety evaluation of foods derived by modern biotechnology: concepts and principles [Internet]. Paris: OECD; 1993 [cited 2016 Nov 21]. Available from: http://dbtbiosafety.nic.in/guideline/OACD/Concepts_and_Principles_1993.pdf.
- Barlow SM, Boobis AR, Bridges J, Cockburn A, Dekant W, Hepburn P, et al. The role of hazard- and risk-based approaches in ensuring food safety. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2015 Dec;46(2,PartA):176-88.
Go to original source...
- Dong Z, Liu Y, Duan L, Bekele D, Naidu R. Uncertainties in human health risk assessment of environmental contaminants: a review and perspective. Environ Int. 2015 Dec;85:120-32.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Bencko V, Quinn JM. Health risk assessment and its perception in environmental settings: psychsomatic and psychosocial aspects. Cent Eur J Occup Environ Med. 2016;22(1,2):77-82.
- HESIS: Hazard Evaluation System and Information Service. Understanding toxic Substances: an introduction to chemical hazards in the workplace. Sacramento (CA): Department of Public Health; 2008.
- Tsatsakis AM, Docea AO, Tsitsimpikou C. New challenges in risk assessment of chemicals when simulating real exposure scenarios; simultaneous multi-chemicals' low dose exposure. Food Chem Toxicol. 2016 Oct;96:174-6.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Cao J, Xu X, Hylkema MN, Zeng EY, Sly PD, Suk WA, et al. Early-life exposure to widespread environmental toxicants and health risk: a focus on the immune and respiratory systems. Ann Glob Health. 2016 Jan-Feb;82(1):119-31.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Pose-Juan E, Fernández-Cruz T, Simal-Gándara J. State of the art on public risk assessment of combined human exposure to multiple chemical contaminants. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2016 Sep;55:11-28.
Go to original source...
- Bencko V, Cikrt M, Lener J. Toxické kovy v životním a pracovním prostředí člověka. 2.vyd. Grada: Praha; 1995.
- Kabir ER, Rahman MS, Rahman I. A review on endocrine disruptors and their possible impacts on human health. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2015 Jul;40(1):241-58.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Kortenkamp A, Backhaus T, Faust M. State of the art report on mixture toxicity. Final Report. Executive summary [Internet]. Brussels: European Commission; 2009 [cited 2016 Nov 21]. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/effects/pdf/report_mixture_toxicity.pdf.
- Bencko V. Risk assessment and human exposure to endocrine disrupters. In: Jedrychowski WA, Perera FP, Maugeri U, editors. Molecular epidemiology in preventive medicine. Luxemburg: International Center for Studies and Research in Biomedicine; 2003. p. 315-27.
- European Food Safety Authority. Scientific report of EFSA. International frameworks dealing with human risk assessment of combined exposure to multiple chemicals. EFSA J. 2013 Jul;11(7):3313.
Go to original source...
- European Food Safety Authority. Scientific report of EFSA. Scientific Opinion on the identification of pesticides to be included in cumulative assessment groups on the basis of their toxicological profile. EFSA J. 2013 Jul;11(7):3293.
Go to original source...
- European Food Safety Authority. Overview of existing methodologies for the estimation of non-dietary exposure to chemicals from the use of consumer products and via the environment. EFSA J. 2016 Jul;14(7):4525.
Go to original source...
- European Food Safety Authority. Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs: executive summary. EFSA J. 2015 Jan;13(1):3978.
Go to original source...
- Løkke H, Ragas AM, Holmstrup M. Tools and perspectives for assessing chemical mixtures and multiple stressors. Toxicology. 2013 Nov 16;313(2-3):73-82.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Sarigiannis DA, Hansen U. Considering the cumulative risk of mixtures of chemicals - a challenge for policy makers. Environ Health. 2012 Jun 28;11 Suppl 1:S18.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Food Safety Authority of Ireland. Risk-based approach to developing the national residue Sampling plan (for veterinary medicinal products and medicated feed additives) [Internet]. Dublin: FSAI; 2014 [cited 2016 Nov 21]. Available from: http://lenus.ie/hse/handle/10147/321745.
- European Food Safety Authority. Scientific opinion on ergot alkaloids in food and feed. EFSA J. 2012 Jul;10(7):2798.
Go to original source...
- European Food Safety Authority. Scientific opinion on a request from the European Commission on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food. EFSA J. 2008 Aug;6(8):724.
Go to original source...
- European Food Safety Authority. Scientific opinion on mineral oil hydrocarbons in food. EFSA J. 2012 Jun;10(6):2704.
Go to original source...
- European Food Safety Authority. Scientific opinion on pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed. EFSA J. 2011 Nov;9(11):2406.
Go to original source...
- Framework for Cumulative Risk Assessment. Risk Assessment Forum [Internet]. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2003 [cited 2016 Nov 21]. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/raf/publications/pdfs/frmwrk_cum_risk_assmnt.pdf.
- Gallagher SS, Rice GE, Scarano LJ, Teuschler LK, Bollweg G, Lawrence M. Cumulative risk assessment lessons learned: a review of case studies and issue papers. Chemosphere. 2015 Feb;120:697-705.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Payne-Sturges D, Martin L. Cumulative risk webinar series: what we learned [Internet]. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2014 [cited 2016 Nov 21]. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-10/documents/cra-webinar-summary.pdf.
- Smernica Európskeho Parlamentu a Rady č. 2002/32/ES zo 7. mája 2002 o nežiadúcich látkach v krmivách pre zvieratá. Úradný vestník EU. 2002 May 30;45(L140):3-14.
Go to original source...
- European Food Safety Authority. Scientific opinion on the risks for public health related to the presence of zearalenone in food. EFSA J. 2011 Jun;9(6):2197.
Go to original source...
- European Food Safety Authority. Scientific opinion on risks for animal and public health related to the presence of T-2 and HT-2 toxin in food and feed. EFSA J. 2011 Dec;9(12):2481.
Go to original source...
- Bencko V, Skulová Z, Krečmerová M, Liem AK. Selected polyhalogenated hydrocarbons in breast milk. Toxicol Lett. 1998 Aug;96-97:341-5.
Go to original source...
- Okuyan E, Uslu A, Ozan Levent M. Cardiac effects of "mad honey": a case series. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2010 Jul;48(6):528-32.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Ciffroy P, Péry ARR, Roth N. Perspectives for integrating human and environmental exposure assessments. Sci Total Environ. 2016 Oct 15;568:512-21.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament and the European Economic and Social Committee. An European Environment and Health Strategy. COM. 2003; 338 final [Internet]. Brussels: European Commission; 2003 [cited 2016 Nov 21]. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/health/healthy_environments/policy/health_environment/strategy_en.htm.
- Wilks MF, Roth N, Aicher L, Faust M, Papadaki P, Marchis A, et al; HEROIC consortium. White paper on the promotion of an integrated risk assessment concept in European regulatory frameworks for chemicals. Sci Total Environ. 2015 Jul 15;521-522:211-8.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Integrated risk assessment: report prepared for the WHO/UNEP/ILO International Programme on Chemical Safety [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001 [cited 2016 Nov 21]. Available from: http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/new_issues/ira/en/.
- Suter GW 2nd, Vermeire T, Munns WR Jr, Sekizawa J. An integrated framework for health and ecological risk assessment. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2005 Sep 1;207(2 Suppl):611-6.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- European Food Safety Authority. Environmental risk assessment of pesticides: 25 years of scientific advancements since the adoption of Directive 91/414/EEC [Internet]. Parma: EFSA; 2016 [cited 2016 Nov 21]. Available from: https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/events/event/161115.
- Committee on Toxicity Testing and Assessment of Environmental Agents, National Research Council. Toxicity testing in the 21st century: a vision and a strategy. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press; 2007.
- Fowler BA. Computational toxicology: methods and applications for risk assessment. London: Academic Press; 2013.
- Hussain SM, Warheit DB, Ng SP, Comfort KK, Grabinski CM, Braydich-Stolle LK. At the Crossroads of Nanotoxicology in vitro: Past Achievements and Current Challenges. Toxicol Sci. 2015 Sep;147(1):5-16.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- EFSA Scientific Committee. Revised draft for internal testing guidance on uncertainty in EFSA scientific assessment [Internet]. Parma: EFSA; 2016 [cited 2016 Nov 21]. Available from: https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/160321DraftGDUncertaintyInScientificAssessment.pdf.
- European Food Safety Authority. Programming document 2016 - 2019: trusted science for safe food [Internet]. Parma: EFSA; 2016 [cited 2016 Nov 21]. Available from: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/corporate_publications/files/amp1619.pdf.